Waterlogging on construction sites can cause several problems, including slowing down construction progress, damaging building materials, and creating safety hazards for workers. When soil becomes saturated with water, it loses its strength and stability, making it difficult to support heavy loads or excavations. This can result in foundation settlements, which can compromise the structural integrity of the entire building. In addition, excess moisture can weaken concrete and masonry structures, causing cracks and spills over time.

Waterlogging can also create ideal breeding grounds for fungi and bacteria, leading to corrosion and decay of metal components and wood rot in timber structures. These microorganisms can release harmful chemicals into the environment, posing health risks to workers and residents nearby. Moreover, standing water can attract mosquitoes and other insects, increasing the risk of diseases spread by these vectors.

Causes of waterlogging

• Rainfall and poor drainage: The most common cause of waterlogging is heavy rainfall, especially in regions with intense or prolonged wet seasons. If the construction site lacks adequate drainage systems or if the existing systems are poorly designed or blocked, the rainwater may accumulate on the site, saturating the soil and creating waterlogged areas.

• High water table: In certain locations, the water table (the level below which the ground is saturated with water) can be naturally high. During construction, when excavations are made, the water table may rise closer to the surface, leading to waterlogging issues.

• Undetected underground water sources: Sometimes, there might be hidden water sources underground, such as springs or water-bearing strata. When excavation or digging occurs, these water sources can be disturbed.

• Adjacent water bodies: Construction sites situated near rivers, lakes, or ponds are susceptible to waterlogging, especially during periods of high water levels or floods. The water may seep into the construction area, causing saturation of the soil.

• Compaction and impervious surfaces: During construction, heavy machinery and equipment may compact the soil, reducing its permeability. Additionally, construction activities often involve the use of impervious surfaces like concrete, which can lead to surface runoff and water accumulation in low-lying areas.

• Inadequate planning and management: Sometimes, waterlogging issues can be attributed to poor planning and management of the construction site. Lack of proper grading, poorly designed drainage systems, or inadequate attention to potential waterlogging problems can exacerbate the situation.

Impact of waterlogging

• Stability of structures: Waterlogged soil has reduced load-bearing capacity and stability. If the foundation of a building or any other structure is laid on waterlogged ground, it can lead to settlement, differential settlement, or even structural failure over time.

• Construction progress: Waterlogging makes it challenging to carry out excavation. Delayed construction can lead to increased costs, lost revenue, and contractual issues. Excess water in the mix can weaken the concrete, leading to reduced durability and strength.

• Health and safety: Standing water can create slippery surfaces, leading to an increased risk of accidents and injuries for workers. Proper water management reduces these risks, promoting a safer working environment.

• Environmental impact: Excess water runoff can carry sediment, pollutants, and debris into nearby water bodies, leading to water contamination and ecosystem disruption.

• Regulatory compliance: Construction projects are often subject to environmental regulations. If water logging causes issues like soil erosion or water pollution, the project might face regulatory fines, penalties, or even project shutdowns.
  

Erosion and sediment control measures

• Diversion ditches and swales: Construct diversion ditches and swales to direct runoff away from sensitive areas and into designated sediment basins.

• Silt fences and sediment barriers: Install silt fences, sediment barriers, or basins around the construction site to trap sediment and prevent it from leaving the site.

• Perimeter control measures: Implement measures like gravel or rock construction entrances/exits to prevent mud and sediment from being tracked onto public roads.

• Temporary mulching: Use temporary mulching and erosion control blankets on disturbed soil areas to reduce erosion and promote vegetation growth.

• Vegetation management: Strategically plant vegetation to help absorb excess water and improve soil permeability. Establish vegetative buffers along watercourses and at the site's perimeter to filter and absorb runoff, reducing its velocity and trapping sediments.

Water management

• Stormwater inlet protection: Install sediment filters or protect stormwater inlets with barriers to prevent sediment and debris from entering the stormwater drainage system.

• Rainwater harvesting: Consider implementing rainwater harvesting systems to collect and store rainwater for on-site non-potable uses, which can reduce the volume of runoff.
  

Preconstruction measures

• Retention ponds: Construct retention ponds or temporary storage areas to hold excess water during heavy rainfall, preventing it from accumulating on the construction site.

• Waterproofing: Apply waterproofing treatments to building foundations and basements to prevent water seepage into the structure.

• Grading and sloping: Properly grade the site and create gentle slopes to facilitate the natural flow of water away from critical areas.

• Drainage systems: Implement effective surface drains, subsurface drains, and sump pumps to redirect water away from the construction area.
  

Construction waste management to prevent waterlogging

• Sort waste materials at source: Separating different types of waste materials such as plastics, metals, glass, paper, and organic matter can make them easier to manage and dispose of properly.

• Use designated disposal sites: Construction companies should use designated disposal sites that have proper facilities for sorting, storing, and treating waste before final disposal or recycling.

• Minimise waste generation: By planning ahead and using efficient methods, construction projects can generate less waste. For example, using standardised sizes for materials can reduce leftover scraps.

• Reuse and recycle: Where possible, reuse construction waste materials on site or donate them to community organisations for reusing or repurposing.

• Train workers: Provide training for workers on how to handle construction waste responsibly, including proper sorting, storage, and disposal procedures.
  

The site management plays a crucial role in ensuring that their construction sites remain free from waterlogging by taking appropriate measures during heavy rainfall events. This includes providing temporary pumps and generators to keep up with groundwater levels and removing debris and obstructions from catch basins and culverts. The team should regularly inspect and maintain drainage channels, keeping them clear of debris to facilitate efficient water flow. Furthermore, they must communicate regularly with subcontractors and suppliers regarding the importance of keeping the jobsite clean and inspect any issues early and take corrective action promptly.